骨質疏松(osteoporosis)系多種原因引起的一組骨病骨組織有正常的化，鈣鹽與基質呈正常比例，以單位體積內骨組織量減少為特．點的代謝性骨病變在多數骨質疏松中，骨組織的減少主要由于骨質吸收增多所致。骨質疏松發病多緩慢個別較快，以骨骼疼痛、易于骨折為特征生化檢查基本正常。病理解剖可見骨皮質菲薄，骨小梁稀疏萎縮類骨質層不厚。

　　常見到一些腰(yao)背(bei)酸痛(tong)的(de)中(zhong)年(nian)人(ren)和彎(wan)腰(yao)、駝背(bei)的(de)老人(ren)，稍(shao)微摔倒(dao)就發(fa)生(sheng)股骨(gu)(gu)(gu)上段(duan)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)折，或手(shou)腕部骨(gu)(gu)(gu)折；有(you)些疼(teng)痛(tong)嚴重(zhong)臥床不起(qi)的(de)病人(ren)被(bei)送進醫院(yuan)，經檢查(cha)診為骨(gu)(gu)(gu)質疏(shu)松癥，嚴重(zhong)者已伴有(you)胸、腰(yao)椎(zhui)的(de)壓縮性骨(gu)(gu)(gu)折。這是(shi)什么原因引起(qi)的(de)呢？大(da)家(jia)都(dou)知道，骨(gu)(gu)(gu)骼是(shi)生(sheng)命所必需(xu)的(de)鈣、磷、鎂等離(li)子的(de)儲存庫，是(shi)調(diao)節(jie)和保護這些離(li)子的(de)血濃度(du)的(de)“靠山”。骨(gu)(gu)(gu)組織在(zai)(zai)人(ren)的(de)一生(sheng)中(zhong)都(dou)在(zai)(zai)不斷(duan)地進行新陳代謝。在(zai)(zai)青少年(nian)時期，骨(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)形成大(da)于(yu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)吸收，骨(gu)(gu)(gu)骼即發(fa)育成熟；到了老年(nian)，骨(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)形成逐漸減少，骨(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)吸收超過(guo)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)形成，導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)量減少。骨(gu)(gu)(gu)質疏(shu)松的(de)發(fa)生(sheng)就是(shi)由于(yu)這種骨(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)重(zhong)建(jian)失衡所致(zhi)(zhi)。

　　骨(gu)質疏松癥(zheng)(zheng)是一(yi)種(zhong)全(quan)身性疾病，其(qi)特(te)點是骨(gu)量減少和骨(gu)組(zu)織(zhi)的微(wei)細結構破壞，導(dao)致(zhi)骨(gu)的脆性增加，而(er)容易發(fa)生骨(gu)折。如同朽木(mu)中(zhong)空，干(gan)枯(ku)老化，輕微(wei)搖動或即(ji)使無任何(he)外(wai)界作(zuo)用也會(hui)(hui)自(zi)行產生裂縫或折斷。隨著(zhu)社(she)會(hui)(hui)的發(fa)展，人均(jun)壽命的延長，老齡化社(she)會(hui)(hui)越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)明顯(xian)，骨(gu)質疏松癥(zheng)(zheng)的患(huan)病人群越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)多(duo)。據統(tong)計，在美國(guo)、歐洲和日本約有7500萬人患(huan)骨(gu)質疏松，每年大約有250萬骨(gu)質疏松患(huan)者因(yin)發(fa)生腰部(bu)、股骨(gu)上端及手腕(wan)骨(gu)折而(er)致(zhi)殘。此外(wai)，還有15%～20%的病人會(hui)(hui)因(yin)各(ge)種(zhong)并發(fa)癥(zheng)(zheng)如栓(shuan)塞、感染等導(dao)致(zhi)死亡。所(suo)以說，骨(gu)質疏松癥(zheng)(zheng)造成的最大危害就(jiu)是骨(gu)折。

　　骨質疏松癥常見于絕經后的婦女、老年人，也見于有慢性內科疾病的病人，如慢性胃腸道疾病者、慢性肝膽疾病者、慢性腎病者、類風濕關節炎者及氟骨癥者；內分泌紊亂疾病如甲亢、糖尿病、皮質激素增多癥等的患者；惡性腫瘤骨轉移的病人及骨髓瘤、和白血病等血液病的病人；長年服用激素或服用抗癲癇藥或應(ying)用肝素等藥物的病人；長(chang)期臥(wo)床不起、骨(gu)折肢體(ti)不能活(huo)動、宇(yu)航員在太(tai)空(kong)中(zhong)失重等原因也可引起骨(gu)質疏松癥(zheng)。

　　骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)松(song)癥(zheng)(zheng)分為(wei)原(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)性(xing)、繼發(fa)性(xing)和特發(fa)性(xing)。原(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)性(xing)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)松(song)癥(zheng)(zheng)又分為(wei)Ⅰ型(xing)(絕經(jing)后骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)松(song)癥(zheng)(zheng))和Ⅱ型(xing)(老年(nian)性(xing)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)松(song)癥(zheng)(zheng))。絕經(jing)后骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)松(song)癥(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)婦(fu)女主(zhu)要(yao)因(yin)為(wei)體內(nei)(nei)雌激素水(shui)平的(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)少，骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)吸(xi)(xi)收破壞(huai)有所增加，而(er)引起(qi)(qi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)量(liang)丟失(shi)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)松(song)；老年(nian)性(xing)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)松(song)癥(zheng)(zheng)主(zhu)要(yao)因(yin)為(wei)年(nian)齡增加，腎(shen)功(gong)能(neng)生理(li)(li)性(xing)減(jian)(jian)退，維生素Ｄ合成減(jian)(jian)少，腸道(dao)內(nei)(nei)鈣(gai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)收障礙，骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)成減(jian)(jian)少，骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)收破壞(huai)加重(zhong)，而(er)引起(qi)(qi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)量(liang)丟失(shi)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)松(song)。繼發(fa)性(xing)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)松(song)癥(zheng)(zheng)是指其(qi)他疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)使腸內(nei)(nei)鈣(gai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)收減(jian)(jian)少或尿鈣(gai)排泄(xie)增快或骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)溶解破壞(huai)等，導致骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)松(song)。除(chu)了以上生理(li)(li)及(ji)疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)外，骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)松(song)還與遺傳(chuan)因(yin)素有關。人們發(fa)現有骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)松(song)家(jia)族(zu)史(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)婦(fu)女患骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)松(song)癥(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)機率，明顯(xian)高于無骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)松(song)家(jia)族(zu)史(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)婦(fu)女，而(er)且發(fa)病(bing)年(nian)齡早、病(bing)情重(zhong)。如中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一位(wei)患骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)松(song)癥(zheng)(zheng)，另(ling)一位(wei)也易患同(tong)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)病(bing)，遺傳(chuan)因(yin)素在(zai)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)松(song)癥(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生上起(qi)(qi)了重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。另(ling)外，骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)松(song)癥(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生與飲食(shi)、光照、運動和生活習慣等環境因(yin)素也有密切關系。

　　國(guo)外學(xue)者預言21世紀骨質(zhi)疏(shu)(shu)松的發(fa)病率(lv)以(yi)(yi)亞洲國(guo)家占首位，尤其多見于中國(guo)，因(yin)為中國(guo)已進(jin)入老年社(she)會。因(yin)此了解骨質(zhi)疏(shu)(shu)松的發(fa)生、發(fa)展已成為國(guo)人關注(zhu)的重(zhong)要問(wen)題。建議如有腰(yao)腿疼痛癥(zheng)狀者，應(ying)盡快(kuai)到醫院(yuan)檢查，以(yi)(yi)盡早發(fa)現骨質(zhi)疏(shu)(shu)松，盡早治療。

　　日本名古屋大學的科研人員新近發現，組織中含有的分化能力極強的“間充質干細胞”，對青少年成長期的骨骼形成具有重要作用。研究小組對不同年齡段的80個人的脂肪組織進行了檢查[[編輯推薦：過度減肥易致骨質疏松]]